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i) Computer history and generation

~  First Generation Computers
- Computer 1^st generation was in the 1940s and since then a service of radical break -through of electronic design has occurred with each major break-through of computer based upon the older form of electronic design being replaced by a new form and this is called computer generations. The 1^st generation of computer was these computers whose architecture was based on massive electronic valve (vacuum tube). e.g. electronically digital vacuum computers, universal vacuum computer UNVAC
Other characteristics of 1^st generation Computers 1946 - 1959

• These computers uses vacuum tube for data processing and storage
• They had a memory size of 20bytes speed of 5mbps
• They produced a lot of heat
• These computers were unreliable and could not work fast with a lot of data.
• They uses punch card for data storage
• The programmer were machine dependent
• First generation consume a lot of power

~  Second Generation of Computer -
- 2^nd Generation computers were more reliable and faster in performance (read and write operations) than the 1^st generation which was massive, instead of valves simple transistors were used in design e.g. ATLAS computers
- Characteristics of 2^nd generation computers 1959-1964

• Were capable of translating, process and store data
• Had got memory size of 32bytes speed of 10mbps
• Were reliable compared to first generation computers
• Produced less heat compared to first generation computers
• They uses punch card for data storage
• Consumed less energy compared to first generation computers

~  Third generation Computers

- Were more powerful, reliable and more compatible in which simple integrated circuits were introduced. They emerged in early 1960s, and examples are IBM 360 Series
- Other characteristics of third generation 1965 - 1975

• They used integrated circuit(i.c.) to store data
• The integrated circuit consisted of many transistors
• Uses storage disk for data storage e.g. magnetic disks, tapes
• Third generation computers were more reliable compared to other previous generations
• They produced less heat

~ Fourth Generation Computers
- These are computers in use today; they use sophisticated micro-electronic devices

• These computers uses micro processors to process data
• The micro processors are single chip which perform computer operation
• Programs are machine independent
• Were more reliable

Examples includes personal computers
~ Fifth generation computers
- These are predictions that by early 21^st century computers will have developed that will be able to converse with people, human communication. With the fifth generation there will be artificial intelligent computers.

ii) Computer of classification

~ There are four main classifications of computers: Mainframe computers, micro-computers mini-computers, and super-computers. Here is a brief breakdown of each:

• Mainframe computers.

- Mainframe computers are extremely powerful and large computers that have the capacity to process the activity of multiple users at one time. Many other smaller, less powerful computers (otherwise known as terminals) are networked with the mainframe, meaning they are attached to the central mainframe computer. From here, the mainframe has the capability to process and store things that come from the connected terminals.

• Micro-computers.

- These are most commonly known as personal computers and the computers that people use on a daily basis. Micro-computers contain their own microprocessor, which performs the job of a mainframe computer but with considerably less power as it is only required to process the activities of one machine.

- Microprocessors became the most common type of processing equipment as they featured predominantly in personal computers. They had enough power to perform the basic recreational activities that people owning personal computers required. Typically, personal computers were used for playing music and movies as well as surfing the Internet and word processing amongst other things. Micro-computers are your typical laptop or desktop computers and are widely available at relatively affordable prices.

• Mini-computers.

- These computers fall in the gap between micro-computers and mainframe computers. They possess much more power than a micro-computer, but not enough to perform the tasks of a mainframe computer. These were developed in the 60s and gradually became less expensive as time moved on and technology became more widely available.

• Super computers.

- Super computers are the most powerful computers ever invented. They are used to process an enormous amount of terminal activity; even more than that of a mainframe computer. In fact, in the event of optimizing the performance of a mainframe computer, that will create a super computer.

 

iii) computer of component

 

~ Historically, a computer is any device that can store and process data. Today it usually refers to an electronic device with circuits that allow for data to be manipulated in binary form. So the main components are software (memory and programs to process data) and hardware (devices used for the storing and processing of that data). And, lastly, an array of components for humans to interact with the electronic data 'machine.'
Modern personal computers usually contain the following components:

• A Motherboard - The backbone of the computer, designed to transfer information and power to and from all of the major components. Other components are usually plugged into this device, and it is almost always the largest board in the computer. Also called a "Mainboard" or "mobo". The motherboard contain the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) that allows all the components to communicate with each other.

• CPU (Central Processing Unit) - The Central Processing Unit that is usually attached directly to the motherboard. It is comprised of a chip with usually dozens of pins which are connected to the motherboard. They are usually obscured by a large heat sink (large metal components which divert heat away from chips, which may or may not have an attached fan, depending on if it is a PC or a Mac).

• RAM (Random Access Memory) - Usually Dual-Inline Memory Modules (DIMMs), they are plugged directly into the motherboard as well. Some high-performance versions are cased in metal which help cool the chips on them. There are usually 8 chips on a stick of RAM (random access memory), sometimes there is a 9th "parity" chip, which helps check for errors within the memory.

• ROM (Read Only Memory), usually on a Hard drive - This is usually a large metallic rectangular prism-shaped device about 3.5 inches wide. It stores data onto metal discs within the device and have recently come out with capacities as large as 1 TB (Terabyte, or 1000 Gigabytes, 1,000,000 Megabytes etc). In the 'old days' these were cards, ticker tape, or magnetic discs labeled as A drive or B drive. Now most computers have C drive, which is the hard drive mentioned earlier.

• A Power Supply - Computers need specific power voltages for each component and always have a power supply which takes power from the wall and outputs power at specific voltages on specific cable formats within the computer.

• The OS - The operating system; the primary functions of the operating system are to manage the hardware resources (disk space, memory, CPU and so on) and provide facilities to manage and run programs.

• A case to hold all the components, usually in a tower.

• Human Interface Devices (HID) - These are the components that allow a human being to interact with the computer and access and/or process data. These can include a keyboard, mouse, monitor (digital video screen, usually now an LED monitor), video cam, microphone, headphones/speakers, graphics tablet, or other devices.

- Accessories and Peripherals include:

Optical Devices - It has become common for a computer to contain optical storage devices (such as CD-ROM or DVD drives).
LAN CARD - Known officially as a Network Interface Card (NIC), these devices connect a computer to a network, usually to a router or modem which establishes connectivity to the Internet. These are usually PCI expansion cards or built into a motherboard and output in RJ-45 format. The cable tips (RJ-45) look similar to a phone cable (RJ-11), but are larger.

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